Fig. 5

The advancement of platform technologies for examining interactions between PGPR through transcriptome profiling. In the past, alterations in the entire transcriptome gene expression were characterized using SAGE, followed by the utilization of microarray technology. The constraints associated with these methodologies were addressed through the advent of RNA-Seq, which is unbound by annotations and allows for the discovery of novel transcripts independent of array design or pre-existing genome annotations. Progressing forward, developments in "third generation" sequencing techniques have bolstered the capabilities of transcriptomics strategies. An illustration of this is nanopore. Sequencing, an exceptional and scalable technology that facilitates the direct and real-time examination of extended DNA or RNA fragments